The concept of null curriculum was first introduced by Eisner (1979). In his view, what is deleted from the school curriculum leads to educational defects in learners. The incidence of educational defects is not primarily due to the omission of some of the educational components, but there are other causes for null curriculum, such as neglected, demoded, distorted, and sterilized curricula, which also lead to shortcomings in the education process of individuals (Marzooghi, 2015). The present study investigates and validates conceptualization of various types of null curricula in both intentional and unintentional dimensions and also at the intended, implemented, and learned levels of curriculum. In this regard, the case analysis was used for determining the, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was employed for obtaining the validity of the findings. The findings indicated the reliability and validity of the types of null curriculum.

The aim of the current research was to identify the characteristics of the four elements in order to provide a problem-oriented curriculum model in the elementary school mathematics course. There were 19 participants and the sampling was done purposefully. The data collection tools are semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The problem-oriented curriculum template was designed using the characteristics of the elements and with the method of qualitative content analysis in the elementary school mathematics course. The identified features were validated by fuzzy Delphi method and Shannon's entropy method was used for data processing. Based on the results of the analysis, 7 main categories including the characteristics of goals at three levels of cognitive, attitudinal, skill, content, evaluation, teaching-learning strategy and 46 sub-categories were identified.                                                                                                                                                                In the fuzzy Delphi section, all features were confirmed by obtaining a de-fuzzified value greater than 0.7. The results of Shannon's entropy determined that the characteristics of starting teaching with a challenging question, creating a suitable educational environment, continuously monitoring the quality of learning strategies and communicating with students' talents have attracted the most attention and obtained the highest ranks and had a higher importance factor than other characteristics

Knowing the components of economic education provides the dynamic background of education in this field. The aim of the current research is to investigate the indicators and components of the economic education curriculum. The approach of the current research is qualitative and its method is research synthesis. The research community is all the articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding economic education in curricula. The sample of the research is 32 articles, which were selected based on thematic monitoring, theoretical data saturation, and purposefully. The research data were collected from the qualitative analysis of the studied articles. By analyzing the data, the dimensions of vitality in the curriculum of the elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including the dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); The dimension of culture and economic ethics (economic fields in the society); The dimension of economic concepts and knowledge (indices in economic education) and the dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. Economic education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

The high-frequency performance of the reflector antennas is mainly limited by the surface. It has been shown that distortions on different regions of the reflector surface can have different effects on the radiation performance. In other words, degradation of the radiation pattern due to the presence of surface distortions is sensitive to the location and behavior of the surface distortion profile. In this paper, the concept of "sensitivity of the radiation pattern to the surface distortion" has been introduced and quantified. It can be used in the design of different reflector antennas to prevent radiation degradations due to surface distortion. Based on the Physical Optics and variational analysis, the first-order variational of the far-fields with respect to the surface profile is formulated to present the concept of sensitivity. The variational amplitude can be modified to show the concept of sensitivity of the radiation pattern to the distortions on the surface. Reflector antennas with different geometries and feeding methods have different sensitivity plots. Both co- and cross-polarization fields for feed antenna are considered ti be used in the symmetric and offset reflectors, and sensitivity plots are extracted. Sensitivity plots show areas on the surface that have stronger effects on the radiation pattern variations in the region of the main-lobe and the first few side-lobes.

Introduction: Application of proper approaches as a logical framework for creating core curriculum prevents making additional information in curricula. This study aimed to introduce some useful approaches for determining core curriculum in medical science.Methods: This review study was done by electronic searching (PubMed, ERIC, Google Scholar) as well as manual searching (library resources). key words were core curriculum, approach and outcome-based curriculum.Results: 105 papers were obtained.32 cases were eligible according to considered criteria. So far, Curriculum planners have adopted or proposed several approaches for determining core curriculum in medical education. This review introduced some effective approaches in medical education.Conclusion: Curriculum planners need to use effective approaches in medical education in order to provide essential and required content for learners according to community needs. It is necessary for them to consider curriculum revision and reduction of extra curriculum content.

A new approach based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is preSented to simulate the distortion of single sprinklerwater distributionpatterninfluencedby windundercenterpivot irrigationsystems. Field experiments were conducted at the Research Center of Agricultural Faculty, University of Tabriz-Iran. The distribution pattern of Nelson R3000 RotatorÒ sprinkler was tested at various wind velocities and directions. Experimental dataset were divided into three subsets named as training, validation, and testing datasel Affecting parameters were defined and various networks with different structures were trained and validated. A Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network with back propagation training algorithm having two hidden layers, 20 neurons in the first hidden layer, and 6 neurons in the second hidden layer and tangent-sigmoid transfer furiction was selected as the optimal network and produced R2=0.929 and RMSE=6.69 for test dataset. Usingthe structure of the optimal network, a model named ISSP (Intelligent Simulator of Sprinkler Pattern) was developed as a MATLABÒ m-file. Entering wind velocity and direction as the inputs, this model could simulate the distribution pattern of R3000 Rotatore spririkler arid have ability to display graphical and ExcelÒ file of results. Simulated distribution patterns of this model for three different wind speeds were compared with obserired distribution patterns. Obtained resuits showed that there is no meaningful difference between. R2 values for these three conditions and these values are in a very appropriate range (R2>0.935).

Using Karl Popper's critique of positivism and inductivism, we attempted to criticize the main bases of grounded theory. According to grounded theory, social reality can be understood by emptying our mind from any prejudgements and ethical valuation in the research process, but emphasizing on observation, paying attention to the differences and similarities of data, and dedcting abstract concepts. We argue that, in practice, this claim is not true and it leads to a distorted social reality. Following these principles makes social researchers become an information worker and not a critic of social reality. Therefore, not only the science of sociology loses its critical aspect but also justifies the status quo.

The purpose of the study was to design a curriculum for the elderly education based on dialogue education approach. Jane K. Vella is the setter of this approach and the most important feature of this approach can be considered its attention to the audience and their special needs. The method of conducting this research is the application of the recommendations of the dialogue education approach. Sampling among the elderly participating in the course was voluntary and by sending an invitation. In sending the invitation, an effort was made to cover the maximum diversity of education, gender, and social status. In order to select the content based on the participants' needs, the list of Iranian elderly's educational needs was given to the six elderly who attended the educational meetings for selection. After selecting the content, the elements of the dialogical curriculum were determined. In the implementation phase, changes were made to adapt to the context, in the design and implementation process, and all the implementation and design phases were validated by Vella and the team members. Considering the special characteristics of the elderly, such as having experience, independence and self-directedness, the curriculum used for them should be able to take into account these characteristics, and considering the high flexibility of the dialogue and listening approach, as well as the achievement of all learners to the goals of each meeting, the approach to design educational courses in centers whose audience is the elderly, can increase the effectiveness and attractiveness of the courses.